The Qur’an is an ambiguous, disorderly composition, with 2500 linguistic and stylistic errors, written in a northern Arabic of Syria or Iraq with a considerable amount of loan-words from Aramaic and Hebrew, collecting contents coming mainly from middle-eastern Jewish-Christian sources.
Absence of dots and diacritical marks.
There are many doubts about the original sense of words and sentences in the Qur’an because, in the oldest manuscripts, the Arabic letters lack dots and diacritical marks, thus 23 of the 28 Arabic letters have an uncertain reading.
Doubts about the integrity of the text.
Sunnite scholars:
- Surah 33 Al-Ahzab (The coalition) had 200 verses, or even longer than the surah 2 Al-Baqarah (The Cow) which has 286 verses. But only 73 remain. Which means that 213 verses have disappeared.
- Surah 9 Al-Tawba (The repentance) was equivalent to the surah 2 Al-Baqarah (The Cow) which has 286, but only 129 remain. And according to other sources, only a quarter of this surah remains, which implies that 387 verses have disappeared.
- A surah equivalent to the surah 9 Al-Tawba (The repentance) (129 verses) was revealed and then removed.
- Two surahs Al-Hafd and Al-Khal' are not in the current Qur'an.
- The Egyptian Sheikh Mustafa Rashid in an article about the missing verses in the Qur'an concludes that the Qur'an, known as the Mushaf of Othman, was compiled by Caliph Othman, who burned other versions like those of Ibn-Mas'ud, Ibn-Abbas, and Ayshah. This led to his condemnation as a disbeliever, assassination, and burial in a Jewish cemetery (*). He asserts the Quran is incomplete.
Shiite scholars:
- Al-Kulayni (died in 941), nicknamed “The Trust of Islam”, stated that the Qur'an tha the Angel Gabriel brought to Muhammad had seventeen thousand verses. The current Quran has 6236 verses, which means that nearly two thirds of the Quran have disappeared. About the Qur'an version of Fatima, he says: “It is a Qur'an that contains three times your Qur'an. By God, there is no letter of your Qur'an”.
- Al-Fayd Al-Kashani (died in 1680) stated the current Qur'an is incomplete, altered, and differs from what was revealed to Muhammad, omitting Ali's name and lacking proper arrangement. It claims this renders the Qur'an unreliable, as its verses may be changed, making it unusable for argumentation or guidance.
- Certain Shiites accuse Othman of deliberately altering or deleting Quranic texts that referenced Ali (d. 661). They assert that significant portions, including entire chapters such as Al-Wilayah (The Guardianship) and Al-Nourayn (The Two Lights), along with numerous verses, were excised from Othman’s standardized Qur'an to prevent Ali from succeeding Muhammad as caliph.
Lack of context and order
Most of the Suras (chapters), apart from the first, were broadly put after the longest to the shortest, without considering the order in which the supposed revelations happened. So, the Qur’an presents a confused mixture that does not take contexts into account.
The Qur'an is a text without context: It's addressed to an audience supposed to be familiarized with the Torah and the Gospels.
Grammar and vocabulary
The grammar and vocabulary of many portions is simply defective.
An (**) has shown that around 900 words in the Qur'an are not Arabic and cannot be understood by an Arabic speaker without religious guidance.
As the Qur’an is supposed to be God’s perfect and unaltered word, created (or even !) before the creation of the world, most believers seek deeply hidden mystical values in the typos, mistakes, and plain gibberish it contains. An exception to this rule is Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406), who cautiously wrote: “The men around Muhammad [and the following generations that imitated them] wrote the Koran in their own script, which was not of a firmly established good quality”.
The Qur’an is a text without rhyme or reason.
The Qur’an is naked like the Emperor in Andersen's story.
Those who pretend to have read and understood it are fooling themselves and the others.
As the text of the Qur’an doesn't have a coherent meaning, anyone can make it say anything he wishes.
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(*) Or maybe because he and his companions were Jews, as Islam still didn't exist at that time.
(**) In ~900 words remain untranslated because they are absent in Arabic dictionaries.
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Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi & Guillaume Dye (2019) Le Coran des historiens, 3 vol., Paris, Cerf, 2019.
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